This is a working overview of GABA-A modulation, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2026-06-17. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Selank is studied chiefly as an animal-model anxiolytic with proposed secondary effects on memory and immune signaling. Reported mechanisms include modulation of the GABA-A receptor complex, inhibition of enkephalin-degrading enzymes, and shifts in monoamine turnover within limbic structures. Some experiments describe increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus after repeated dosing. No single molecular target has been confirmed, and the peptide does not bind any receptor with the selectivity typical of a conventional small-molecule drug. Mechanism therefore remains a set of hypotheses rather than an established pathway.
Laboratory work relies on standard behavioral paradigms. Rodents are tested in the elevated plus maze, open field, and passive avoidance tasks, with outcomes compared against diazepam or vehicle controls. Intranasal dosing is used most often because it bypasses first-pass metabolism, though intraperitoneal and intravenous routes also appear in published protocols. Biochemical endpoints include tissue BDNF concentrations, cytokine levels, and monoamine metabolites. Human data are limited to small Russian trials reporting reduced anxiety scores; most were not prospectively registered, and few employed independent outcome assessment.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia. Its sequence is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, a seven-residue chain built around the natural tetrapeptide tuftsin. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences first described the compound in the mid-1990s. The design combined the tuftsin core with an added Pro-Gly-Pro tail, a modification intended to extend the molecule's stability in biological fluids. Published work on the peptide has appeared mainly in Russian-language journals.
Reported activity for Selank centers on anxiolytic and nootropic effects. Russian clinical reports describe use in anxiety and in cognitive or attention-related complaints. Most of this evidence comes from studies conducted by the same research groups that developed the peptide. Independent replication in other countries remains limited, and no major Western regulatory agency has approved the compound for any indication. The gap between local reports and external verification is a recurring point in discussions of the peptide.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Principal proposed target | GABA-A receptor complex | Hypothesis derived mainly from animal pharmacology |
| Common behavioral assay | Elevated plus maze | Rodent test for anxiety-like behavior |
| Reported molecular marker | Hippocampal BDNF expression | Measured by immunoassay or mRNA quantification |
| Typical dosing route | Intranasal | Chosen to reduce first-pass metabolism |
| Reported plasma half-life | Minutes | Based on limited peptide stability data |
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. It was designed as a stabilized analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide fragment derived from the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The additional Pro-Gly-Pro segment at the carboxyl terminus is intended to slow enzymatic cleavage. The compound is usually described in the literature as a synthetic peptide with anxiolytic and cognitive-related activity, a label that reflects a research context rather than an approved therapeutic category.
Most published work on selank originates from a small number of research groups in the Russian Federation. A large share of that record appears in Russian-language journals, which limits access for readers who rely on English-indexed databases. Independent replication by laboratories outside the original research network is sparse in publicly available sources. This concentration of origin and language is a frequently noted feature when the compound is summarized in broader reviews of synthetic peptides.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, written TKPRPGP in one-letter notation. Its structure consists of the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, extended at the carboxyl terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro segment. The molecular formula is commonly given as C33H57N11O9, corresponding to a monoisotopic mass near 751.4 Da and an average molecular mass near 751.9 Da. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, and the molecule carries no modified side chains or non-natural linkages.
The compound was designed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences during the 1980s and 1990s. The stated design goal was to retain the immunomodulatory and central nervous system activity attributed to tuftsin while improving resistance to enzymatic breakdown. Adding a proline-rich tail to the short parent peptide was a deliberate strategy, because proline residues restrict the conformations available to many peptidases. The same laboratory produced Semax, an ACTH fragment analog, and both compounds were developed in parallel as short, enzymatically stabilized peptides intended for intranasal use.
Technological change is the largest cause of long-term economic growth. Throughout human history, energy production was the main constraint on economic development, and new technologies allowed humans to significantly increase the amount of available energy. First came fire, which made a wider variety of foods edible, and made it less physically demanding to digest them. Fire also enabled smelting and the use of tin, copper, and iron tools, used for hunting or tradesmanship. Then came the agricultural revolution: humans no longer needed to hunt or gather to survive, and began to settle in towns and cities, forming more complex societies, with militaries and more organized forms of religion. Technologies have contributed to human welfare through increased prosperity, improved comfort and quality of life, and medical progress, but they can also disrupt existing social hierarchies, cause pollution, and harm individuals or groups. Recent years have brought about a rise in social media's cultural prominence, with potential repercussions on democracy, as well as economic and social life. Early on, the Internet was seen as a "liberation technology" that would democratize knowledge, improve access to education, and promote democracy. Modern research has turned to investigate the Internet's downsides, including disinformation, polarization, hate speech, and propaganda. Since the 1970s, technology's impact on the environment has been criticized, leading to a surge in investment in solar, wind, and other forms of clean energy.
While the Ottoman authorities pursued a divide-and-rule strategy, various European powers established alliances with the various religious groups in the region. The French established an alliance with the Lebanese Christians, while the Druze formalized an alliance with the British, allowing them to send Protestant missionaries into the region. The increasing tensions led to an outbreak of conflict between Christians and Druzes as early as May 1845. Consequently, the European great powers requested for the Ottoman sultan to establish order in Lebanon, and he attempted to do so by establishing a new council in each of the districts. Composed of members of the various religious communities, the councils were intended to assist the deputy governor. Economic and demographic factors also played a role in undermining the peaceful coexistence of the Druze and Christian in this period. The Maronites benefited from the advantages of a modernising and expanding economy, built with French assistance, which was disproportionately accrued to them. Lebanese Christian wealth prospered because of connections with Europe. Additionally, the Maronite population had, over the span of only a few decades, dramatically overtaken that of the Druze. Numerically and commercially; Christians posed a threat to the traditional landlords Druze elite.
The regular formation of alpha-sheet by unfolded proteins inevitably involves many L amino acid residues readily adopting the alphaL conformation, which appears at first sight to go against textbook chemistry, which is that, of the 20 amino acids, it is glycine that strongly favours this conformation. The conundrum is resolved by realizing that the alphaL region comprises two overlapping areas, here called γL and αL, which should be considered separately. It turns out that, while the γL conformation is adopted, almost exclusively, by glycine, the αL conformation of alpha-sheet is more commonly, or about as commonly, adopted by any of 15 L-amino acids compared to glycine, the exceptions being proline, threonine, valine and isoleucine, which are rare at this conformation. Hence, of the 20 amino acids, 16 readily adopt the αL conformation.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
After graduating with a degree in theater from Towson University in 2003 and moving to New York City, Schumer portrayed a young woman diagnosed with breast cancer in the Off-Off-Broadway black comedy Keeping Abreast. She started doing stand-up comedy on June 1, 2004, when she first performed at Gotham Comedy Club. A few years later, she and Kevin Kane co-founded The Collective, which is a theater group that publishes and performs socially relevant and accessible work. In 2007, Schumer recorded a Live at Gotham episode for Comedy Central before appearing on Last Comic Standing; she later recalled that she thought of the episode as her "big break". Rebounding from an unsuccessful audition for an earlier season, she advanced to the finals of the fifth season of the NBC reality television talent show Last Comic Standing and placed fourth. Schumer said in April 2011, "Last Comic was totally fun. I had a great time because there was no pressure on me; I had been doing stand-up around two years. I wasn't supposed to do well. So every time I advanced it was a happy surprise. I kept it honest on the show and it served me well." Schumer co-starred in the Comedy Central reality show Reality Bites Back in 2008. In 2009, she appeared in an advertising campaign for Butterfinger. Schumer was a recurring guest on Fox News late-night program Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld between 2007 and 2012. Her first Comedy Central Presents special aired on April 2, 2010. She served as a co-host of A Different Spin with Mark Hoppus in 2011, later titled Hoppus on Music. She has also written for Cosmopolitan.
=== Rifles === Lee-Enfield No. 4 – Main service rifle until the adoption of the L1A1 SLR in 1954. No. 4 Mk 2 model manufactured until 1957. A 7.62mm NATO conversion programme was attempted in the 1960s but proved abortive. De Lisle carbine - Retired in 1954 in favour of focusing on suppressed Sten variants. EM-2 rifle – Experimental rifle adopted very briefly in 1951. FN FAL – Original Belgian version adopted for troop trials as X8E1-E5, with E1 and E5 models still being in the supply chain as of January 1959. Domestically produced L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle version used as main service rifle from 1954 to 1994. Argentinian-issue FAL Paras that had been captured during the Falklands War were used by the SAS in Northern Ireland until the development of the HK G3KA4. Colt AR-15, M16 rifle - Trialled in February 1964 and adopted in April 1965. Used in tropical conditions. Also issued to special forces, Royal Marines Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre, and close observation platoons. Heckler & Koch G3 - Special forces issue. L85A1 rifle – Initial batches issued in 1985; frontline Army units, Royal Marines, and RAF Regiment scheduled to be fully equipped by 1987, rest of regular Army scheduled to be fully equipped by 1990. HK53 - used by Royal Military Police Close Protection Units (RMP CPU), 14 Intelligence Company, and special forces.
Robert Thomas Dursley Stott. For services to the British Red Cross Society on the Isle of Man. June Street, Executive Manager, Dacorum Council for Voluntary Service. For services to the community. Richard Kenneth Swan. For services to Tourism. Geoffrey Trevor Theobald. For political and public service. David Geraint Price-Thomas, lately Under Secretary (Wales), Council of Welsh Districts. For services to Local Government in Wales. Joan Margaret Elizabeth Thompson, . For public service. Kenneth Trench, Chairman, Maxwell Pensioners' Action Group. For services to Pensions Legislation. Michael Victor Upson, , lately Grade 6, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Derek Eustace Murray Walker, Director, Worldware. For services to Public Awareness of Aid Issues. Professor Herbert Wallace. For services to the community. Trevor Ward, lately Head of Aerodrome Standards Department, Civil Aviation Authority. For services to Aviation. Hugh Ingram Watson, , Commandant, Scottish Police College. Kathleen Watson, Business Requirements Analyst, Board of Inland Revenue. Michael Robert Clarkson Webb. For services to the community in Surrey. Anthony Barton Wells. For services to the Family Justice System. Patrick Whinney, , President, Guernsey Cheshire Home Foundation. For services to the community. Annarosa Whitehead. For services to the Women's Transport Service (First Aid Nursing Yeomanry). John Charles Williams, Secretary and Chief Executive, Institution of Electrical Engineers. For services to Electrical Engineering. William Gwyn Williams.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Angiogenesis for cardiovascular disease === Angiogenesis represents an excellent therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. It is a potent, physiological process that underlies the natural manner in which our bodies respond to a diminution of blood supply to vital organs, namely neoangiogenesis: the production of new collateral vessels to overcome the ischemic insult. A large number of preclinical studies have been performed with protein-, gene- and cell-based therapies in animal models of cardiac ischemia, as well as models of peripheral artery disease. Reproducible and credible successes in these early animal studies led to high enthusiasm that this new therapeutic approach could be rapidly translated to a clinical benefit for millions of patients in the Western world with these disorders. A decade of clinical testing both gene- and protein-based therapies designed to stimulate angiogenesis in underperfused tissues and organs, however, has led from one disappointment to another. Although all of these preclinical readouts, which offered great promise for the transition of angiogenesis therapy from animals to humans, were in one fashion or another, incorporated into early stage clinical trials, the FDA has, to date (2007), insisted that the primary endpoint for approval of an angiogenic agent must be an improvement in exercise performance of treated patients.
From April to May 2024, Rio Grande do Sul was hit by massive flooding, which also severely hit Porto Alegre. This was partly seen as, in addition to the sheer amount of precipitation, insufficient pumping of water, as trash and rubble had blocked many manholes in the city. Melo, during the flooding, affirmed that the city government knew that there was a possibility of strong rains and was not taken by surprise. He denied, however, that the city government had delayed its response and put the responsibility on the new round of floodings for the high volume, as well as the population, blaming them for the trash strewn throughout the city. During the floods, the Guaíba hit its highest ever historical level, leaving various parts of the city submerged and many people stranded. Due to the severity of the situation, the municipality set up 21 centers to receive thousands of people who were forced to leave their homes. The flooding was also marked by conflicts between Melo and the federal government, during which he criticized what he saw was the lack of support from them, despite having also delayed a formal emergency request for days. During this period, federal deputy Fernanda Melchionna and city councilman Roberto Robaina, both from PSOL, sued Melo. They both requested that the State Attorney's Office to start an investigation against Melo due to the fact that the municipal government had not sent the federal government the data of families in Porto Alegre hit by the floods.
== Genetic methods == The yeast two-hybrid and bacterial two-hybrid assays investigate interactions between artificial fusion proteins. They do not require isolation of proteins but rather use transformation to express proteins in yeast or bacteria, respectively. The cells are designed in a way that an interaction activates the transcription of a reporter gene or a reporter enzyme. These methods allow easy screening of interactions and libraries with high throughput (see two-hybrid screening).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Intranasal administration predominates in both animal and human research because it avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism. Injectable and intraperitoneal routes appear in animal work mainly for comparison.
Behavioral endpoints include time spent in open arms of the elevated plus maze and avoidance latencies. Biochemical endpoints include BDNF concentration, cytokine levels, and monoamine metabolite ratios in brain tissue.
Most published studies are small, originate from a limited number of laboratories, and lack independent replication. Dose-response relationships, measured brain exposure, and long-term outcomes are not well characterized.
Selank is a synthetic peptide made of seven amino acids. It is modeled on tuftsin, a natural tetrapeptide, with an added three-residue tail. It is not a small-molecule drug.